A volatile, constrained supply chain that raises cost and limits reliable scale
Short lifespans and reduced lifetime throughput that increase total cost of ownership
Significant operational risk that complicates deployment at scale
Systems that cannot expand cost-effectively to meet long-term grid demands
| Reliable lifespan: | five to ten years |
| Material security: | volatile and constrained |
| Safety profile: | prone to thermal events |
| Scale economics: | poor at multi-gigawatt-hour levels |